Vocabulary+Building+In+English+II

Muhammad Danish Bin Mohd Johari
= = = Antonym and Synonym =  __** Synonyms **__

Synonym is a word that has the same meaning to another word, in example, the synonym for //student// is //pupil//. The word //synonym// is derived from the Ancient Greek word //syn// ([|σύν]) ("with") and //onoma// ([|ὄνομα]) ("name"). The characteristics of synonyms is that they can be any parts of speech if the words are in the same parts of speech. These are the examples that strengthens this statement:

Other than that, as long as a word have the same connotation as the meaning of another word, it will still be considered as synonym. This is synonym in a figurative sense. In example, "a food is synonymous with gems for the people in that poor country". 

Nouns //Police// = //Cops//

Verbs //Insult// = O//ffend//

Adjectives //Red// = //Scarlet//

Adverbs //Quickly// = //Swiftly//

Preposition //Under// = //Beneath//

Some homonyms should not be confused by using homonyms. In example, //fluke// has many different meanings with the same spelling. One of the meaning of //fluke// is "the tail of a whale", but it does not neccessarily be synonymical with //flatworms,// which is also another meaning of //fluke//.

Antonym
**an·to·nym **  (ān'tə-nĭm')         Meaning: A word having a meaning opposite to that of another word: //The word//  wet  //is an antonym of the word//  dry

Below are some examples of words with their synonyms and antonyms.

1.**(Noun) brand, make**

__a recognizable kind__


 * Synonyms:** stigma, shuffle, brand, marque, trade name, brand name, firebrand, steel, make, shuffling, blade, stain, mark, sword
 * Antonyms**: unmake, undo, break

2.**(Verb) shuffle, shuffling, make**

__the act of mixing cards haphazardly__


 * Synonyms**: shuffling, brand, make, shambling, shamble, shuffle
 * Antonyms**: break, undo, unmake

3.**(Verb) make, do**

__engage in__


 * Synonyms**: wee-wee, take, micturate, suffice, construct, draw, cook, have, lay down, piddle, hold, piss, act, constitute, do, reach, earn, make believe, get to, shit, defecate, get along, arrange, name,pass water, practice,execute, stimulate, behave, progress to, create, crap, practice, take a shit pretend, make water, gain, dress, ready, serve, establish, realize, make out, coiffure, make up, give,attain, pull in, set, induce, form, pee,make, wee, ca-ca, get, prepare, coiffe, perform, score, build, coif, throw, arrive at, pee-pee, relieve oneself, spend a penny, take in, puddle, take a crap, clear, hit, produce, exercise, answer, nominate, come, bring in, take a leak, cause, urinate, fare, manage,work, fix, realise, stool, seduce
 * Antonyms**: unmake, break, undo

4.**(Adj) gravelly, pebbly, shingly**

__abounding in small stones__


 * Synonyms**: gravelly, scratchy, shingly, pebbly, raspy, rasping, rough, grating
 * Antonyms**: euphonious, euphonous, smooth

5.**(Adj) grating, gravelly, rasping, raspy, rough, scratchy**

__unpleasantly harsh or grating in sound__


 * Synonyms**: pugnacious, irritable, approximative, rough, unsmooth, cranky, boisterous,scratchy,pettish, fierce, abrasive, peevish , uncut , jumpy , rocky , uneven , harsh , shingly , gravelly , approximate , crude , jolting , spotty , jolty , petulant , rasping , bumpy , nettlesome , testy , tetchy , raspy , fractious , techy , pebbly , peckish , grating
 * Antonyms:** euphonious, smooth , euphonous

6.**(Noun) diarrhea, diarrhea, looseness of the bowels, looseness**

__frequent and watery bowel movements; can be a symptom of infection or food poisoning or colitis or a gastrointestinal tumor__


 * Synonyms**: diarrhea, licentiousness, profligacy , dissolution , play , diarrhea , looseness , dissipation , looseness of the bowels
 * Antonyms:** secureness, tightness , fastness , fixture , fixedness , tautness , fixity

7.**(Noun) looseness**

__freedom from restraint__


 * Synonyms**: dissolution, licentiousness , profligacy , play , diarrhea , dissipation , looseness of the bowels , diarrhea
 * Antonyms**: fastness, fixture , fixedness , tautness , secureness , fixity , tightness

Retrieved date, 25 November 2009. []

= = = Nationality: Names of Countries and People =

This chart lists many of the countries or nations in the world, with the following information: Look at these example sentences: She comes from France. She is French. Her nationality is French. She is a Frenchwoman. She drives a French car. She speaks French.
 * Countries & Nationality **
 * Name of country
 * Adjective used for that country (also describes nationality)
 * Noun used for a person from that country

Below is a word document with a list of countries and nationalities. Retrieved date, 21 November 2009. []

= Abbreviation and sign =

Abbreviation
An abbreviation (from Latin brevis, meaning "short") is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. For example, the word abbreviation can itself be represented by the abbreviation abbr. or abbrev.

Normally acronyms are regarded as a subgroup of abbreviations. Acronym is a combination of certain elements of words or a short form from combination of few words. An acronym is formed from the first letters of a series of words. For example: AIDS; it is formed from the words Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome whereas, an abbreviation may not include only the first letter from the words. For example: St.; It is formed from the word Saint. Dr.; it is formed from Doctor.Therefore one can say that all acronyms can be abbreviations, but all abbreviations cannot be acronyms.


 * 2 types of acronyms:**

1. Combination of initial letters of root words (rewritten in capital letters) e.g.: Universiti Industri Selangor (UNISEL), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Union of European Football Association (UEFA).

2. Combination of the first syllables of roots words. e.g.: Radar (Radio detecting and ranging), Interpol = International + police.

Other examples of acronym:


 * **Abbreviation or acronym** || **Stands for** ||
 * a.k.a. || Also known as ||
 * APEC || Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ||
 * asap || As soon as possible ||
 * blvd || Boulevard ||
 * BMX || Bicycle motocross ||
 * °C || Celsius (degree temperature) ||
 * UK || United Kingdom ||

Summary: 1. An acronym is a short form of a word, name or phrase formed from the first letters of the series of words. 2. An abbreviation is also a condensed form of a word and an articulated form of the original word. 3. An acronym is pronounced as a new word signifying some concept. 4. An abbreviation is pronounced as the original word letter by letter.

Sign
A **sign** is an entity which signifies another entity. A natural sign is an entity which bears a causal relation to the signified entity, as thunder is a sign of storm.

Sign is an indication of any object, action, event,pattern, etc., that conveys a meaning. Sign is also known as a conventional mark or arbritrary mark, figure, or symbol uesd as an abbreviation for the word or words it represents. Sign is also used to show motion or gesture used to express or convey an idea, command, decision, etc.: Her nod was a sign it was time to leave. Sign is also used for a notification, direction, warning, or advertisement, that is displayed for the public view.

Meaning- Prohibition Sign, Danger Alarm, Fire Fighting Equipment Instructions- Dangerous behavior, Stop, Shutdown, Emergency cut out devices, Evacuate, Identification and location.
 * Red **

Instructions- Be careful, take precautions.
 * Yellow or Amber **; Meaning- Warning sign

=__ Neon Signs on Emergency Road Vehicles __= It was widely believed up until recently that the majority of signs and lighting on emergency vehicles was made up of neon. This is actually an urban myth, Neon was used in a lot of manufacturer’s concept cars and road signs in the eighties and nineties but the fact of the matter is it was too expensive to be widely used as a lighting source for thousands of police vehicles. Neon lamps were introduced into widespread production on the 1995 Ford Explorer but the tube was deemed too expensive and neon itself was also power-hungry and never really took off even though lighting giant Hella made Neon lights as an aftermarket addition.

OSHA Standard Signs
In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has standards for workplace signs, and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) sets standards for warnings on consumer and workplace products. The safety signs you see around you are most likely designed to OSHA standards.

Danger Signs
OSHA standard danger signs use opaque red, black and white colors. Danger signs warn passers-by of construction sites, hot or flammable equipment,electrical hazards and other situations that might cause serious injury or death. Other examples of sign :

Retrieved date, 28 November 2009. []
 * ~ Signs ||= ** Stands For ** ||
 * = & ||= And ||
 * = @ ||= At; Each ||
 * = X ||= By (in measurement); Multiply ||
 * = ¢ ||= Cent; Penny ||
 * = (C) [or] © ||= Copyright ||
 * = ° ||= Degree ||
 * = $ ||= Dollar ||
 * = / ||= Each; Per ||
 * = ' ||= Foot ||
 * ~ " ||= Inch ||
 * = > ||= Larger than; Greater than ||
 * = µ ||= Micro ||
 * = # ||= Number ||
 * = % ||= Percent ||
 * = £ ||= Pound Sterling (British currency) ||
 * = (R) [or] ® ||= Registered ||
 * = SM ||= Service mark ||
 * = < ||= Smaller than; Less than ||
 * = TM ||= Trademark ||
 * = ¥ ||= Yen (Japanese currency) ||

= Classical & Foreign words and Phrases = ** Classical Words

 ** =Sonnet 18= __[|William Shakespeare]__ SHALL I compare thee to a summer's day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate.

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer's lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;

And every fair from fair sometimes declines,

By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;

Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,

When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

**thee** (pronoun): you (old English)
 * thou** (pronoun): you (old English)
 * art** (verb): are (old English - verb 'to be')
 * temperate** (adjective): mild; pleasant; warm
 * do shake**: note use of auxiliary 'do' in present simple positive. This is unusual but perfectly normal for stress, politeness or poetic effect.
 * bud** (noun): first growth on a plant or flower
 * lease** (noun): period, time, duration
 * hath** (verb): has (old English - verb 'to have')
 * eye of heaven**: Shakespeare is referring to the sun
 * complexion** (noun): colour; appearance
 * fair** (adjective): attractive; beautiful; handsome; lovely
 * decline** (verb): to become less; to decrease
 * thy** (adjective): your (old English)
 * eternal** (adjective): endless; everlasting; infinite; permanent
 * fade** (verb): to decrease; to decline; to dissolve
 * brag** (verb): to boast; to tell everybody triumphantly
 * wand'rest** (verb): old English - verb 'to wander': to walk without direction; to roam
 * shade** (noun): shadow; darkness; gloom; obscurity
 * growst** (verb): old English - verb 'to grow'

**so long**: as long

Foreign Words English language are primarily based on other languages like Latin and Greek and also few from languages in India, Japan, Malaysia, etc. Foreign words are also classified as "internationalism".

It is believed that English adopt other language words in order to become an international language. By doing so, survival of the English-speaking countries in economies can be ensured.

Attached below is a list of loan words from various languages:

__//Arabic://__

__//Latin://__
 * 1) Checkmate - derived from شاه مات //shah māt,// means 'the king is dead'.
 * 2) Jar - جرة //jarrah,// means 'large earthen vase'.
 * 3) Racket - راحة //rāhah//, palm of the hand.
 * 1) Ad infinitum - To infinity.
 * 2) Annus mirabilis - A good year.
 * 3) Carpe diem - Seize the day.

__//French://__
 * 1) au courant - up-to-date.
 * 2) Coup de grace - finishing blow.
 * 3) fait accompli - an accomplished fact that is irreversible.

__//German://__
 * 1) schadenfreude - pleasure towards someone else's misfortune.
 * 2) Weltschmerz - sorrows over the cruelty of life.
 * 3) Weltanschauung - philosophy of life

=//Activity Time //Activity No.1= __** Exercise For Synonyms ** //i) Direct//__ //Find the synonyms for each word below. Put as many synonyms that you can think of. The more the correct answers, the more marks your group will score.//
 * 1) Veil
 * 2) Express
 * 3) Reveal
 * 4) Medicine
 * 5) Chair
 * 6) Cold
 * 7) Knife
 * 8) Table
 * 9) Picture
 * 10) Child

//__ii) Figurative__ Figure out the possible synonym in the sentences below.//
 * 1) The superstar is like  for teenagers these days.
 * 2) A cigarrette is synonymous to  for my father since he had lung cancer from smoking.
 * 3) The bed is like  for me at the moment because I'm really tired!
 * 4) Have you ever been to Cameron Highlands? The place is like  for its beautiful scenery!
 * 5) Having a torchlight in that blacked-out lift is like having a  because we couldn't even find our own foot in there!

=Activity No.2= In your groups, list 20 countries and the nationality of its people. Later, write down interesting facts about each country you have stated and present your findings to the class. Your group should consist of four members.

Example:

= Activity No.3=
 * Country || Nationality || Fact ||
 * Germany || Germans || Started World War 1& 2 ||

In this activity, the whole class will participate in a play by Shakespeare, entitled Romeo & Juliet. Cast of the play will need to understand the classical words used by the characters of the play.

3.1 IDENTIFYING FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES AND USING YOUR UNDERSTANDING TO MAKE SENTENCES. Foreign Words and Phrases

(The English meanings given below are not necessarily literal translations.)

ad absurdum ad ab-sir'dum) [Lat.]: to the point of absurdity. “He tediously repeated his argument ad absurdum.”

ad infinitum (ad in-fun-eye'tum) [Lat.]: to infinity. “The lecture seemed to drone on ad infinitum.”

ad nauseam (ad noz'ee-um) [Lat.]: to a sickening degree. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">“The politician uttered one platitude after another ad nauseam.”

aficionado (uh-fish'ya-nah'doh) [Span.]: an ardent devotee. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">“I was surprised at what a baseball aficionado she had become.”

angst (angkst) [Ger.]: dread and anxiety. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">“Sylvia's teenage angst was nothing compared to the parental angst experienced by the two individuals whose duty it was to raise her.”

=Activity no.4=

__Abbreviations : Identify and analyze the proper way in the usage of an abbreviation in formal writing.__

1. In formal writing, one should not use abbreviations, except as indicated in rules 2, 3, and 4 below. For example:

Incorrect: The U.S. Supreme Court held that the defendant's rights had been violated. Correct: The United States Supreme Court held that the defendant's rights had been violated.

Incorrect: Professor Jonas mentioned several cities that have domestic-partnership ordinances, e.g., New York and San Francisco. Correct: Professor Jonas mentioned several cities that have domestic-partnership ordinances, including New York and San Francisco.

Incorrect: The Court announced its decision in the case on Oct. 12, 1994. Correct: The Court announced its decision in the case on October 12, 1994.

2. When an abbreviation has become so common that it has supplanted the full name in common usage, one may use the abbreviation; however, one should do so without the use of periods. For example:

Incorrect: The N.A.A.C.P. was the subject of a profile on C.B.S. last week.

Correct: The NAACP was the subject of a profile on CBS last week.

However: The defendant in the case is R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc.

Notice that in the preceding example, the points after "R" and "J" should be left in, because the meaning of the abbreviation is not sufficiently well known to most readers. Ordinarily, one would replace such an abbreviation with the full terms; however, one can not do so in this case because the legal corporate name involved includes the abbreviation.

3. When writing legal citations, always use the abbreviations required by the Bluebook. However, when referring to a court in text, do not abbreviate. For example:

Incorrect: The Ill. Supreme Court required the return of the child to his birth mother. Smithson v. Bettaglia, 59 Illinois 2d 73, 180 Northeast Reporter 2d 754 (1994).

Correct: The Illinois Supreme Court required the return of the child to his birth mother. Smithson v. Bettaglia, 59 Ill. 2d 73, 180 N.E.2d 754 (1994).

4. When referring to a corporate entity that has one or more abbreviations as part of its legal name, such as R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc., leave the abbreviations in the name. Do not spell out the abbreviation unless the corporation itself spells it out, which some do (for example, Exxon Shipping Company). This rule applies to all of the various forms of corporate designations, including Co., Corp., Inc., and Ltd.

Incorrect: McDermott International, Incorporated

Correct: McDermott International, Inc.

Sign Activity : Sign Language

Task 1: Something to do in the classroom What are the safety signs telling you?

Task 2 Look around your workplace or school and identify the meaning each of the sign below. Note the safety signs you see and what they are communicating. Also try searching the Internet for others.

__Sign__ Stop (red circle and line) Obey (blue circle) Danger/ warning (yellow triangle) Safety (green square/ rectangle) Fire (red Square/ rectangle)